A category within the study and practice of religion that describes the beliefs systems of indigenous groups is called Indigenous religion. These belief systems can be compared to the world religions or new religious movements. Many indigenous peoples have similar religious practices to European religions. However, some are completely different. Animism is one example of an indigenous religion.
Adaptation to European Religion
Canada has many indigenous religions. They are complex and include social and cultural practices that deal with the sacred and supernatural. European religion influenced Indigenous life greatly through missionaries and government policies. This led to hybridized, sometimes contradictory, religious practices. Many contemporary Indigenous communities are trying to reclaim traditional worship and spiritual practices.
Some Indigenous Peoples refused conversion. Others accepted the Christian lifestyle openly. Jesuit missions were often instrumental in helping with the conversion process. Converts frequently formed new communities, often against the Indigenous group. This process tested the fabric of the communities. In the 17th century, European religion was adapted to indigenous religion.
Although they may have different beliefs and practices from one another, many indigenous religions share some commonalities. Their beliefs are influenced by their environment and strong relationships with nature.
Animism
Animism encompasses many indigenous religions. It is the belief that all things in nature have a soul. This belief is closely related to the growing concern for environmental sustainability. Animism has seen renewed interest.
Many animist cultures attach great importance to living in harmony and with their environment. They understand that the end of exploiting the environment is death. Being wealthy and possessive does not make one happy. Animists believe that happiness and fulfillment can only be achieved through a strong connection with the world around us.
Edward Tylor, an 1871 Englishman, described animism in 1871 as the belief that souls exist in all natural objects, even animals. Tylor asserted that animism began as a religion. However, polytheism evolved and became monotheism.
Diverse religions
Understanding the cultural and political contexts within which indigenous religions operate is essential for understanding them. Recognize the unique elements that create indigenous religious communities and recognize indigenous philosophies, practices and insights. When contextualizing indigenous religion practices, self-reflexivity is essential.
Many Indigenous peoples have non-ceremonial practices for their Spirituality. These practices may require specific time and space and may have unique requirements. Organizations may be required to accommodate such practices. However, some practices may not conform to current schedules, leave provisions, or other organizational policies.
In the case of Christianity, indigenous people have used Christian beliefs to resist colonization. In the United States, the Mi'kmaq of the Esgenoopetitj/Burnt Church, for example, have used Christianity as a spiritual resource and political ally. Their Catholic priests prayed for Kateri to be canonized by the Church. This could be considered an expression indigenous Catholicism. In the ongoing indigenization process of Christianity, Kateri's story has been shared by all nations.